Organic

• Acetone azine

  • • Hofmann rearrangement of urea with sodium hypochlorite, followed by addition of acetone

• N-acetyl-4-amino-2,6-dinitrophenol

  • • Nitration of paracetamol with ammonium nitrate and sulfuric acid

• Aluminum soaps

  • • Reaction between alkali metal soaps and potassium aluminum sulfate

• 4-Amino-2,6-dinitrophenol

  • • Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-acetyl-4-amino-2,6-dinitrophenol

• p-Aminophenol

  • • Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetaminophen, followed by neutralization by sodium bicarbonate and recrystallization

• Benzaldehyde

  • • Oxidation of benzyl alcohol with dilute nitric acid, catalyzed by sodium nitrite

• Benzene

  • • Dry distillation of sodium benzoate and sodium hydroxide, followed by a second distillation

• Benzil

  • • Oxidation of benzoin with copper (ii) acetate and ammonium nitrate

• Benzilic acid

  • • Benzilic acid rearrangement of benzil with methanolic potassium hydroxide

• Benzoic acid

  • • Acidification of sodium benzoate, followed by a recrystallization

• Benzoin

  • • Benzoin condensation of benzaldehyde, catalyzed by thiamine mononitrate

• 1,4-Benzoquinone

  • • Oxidation of hydroquinone with acidic potassium dichromate, followed by sublimation

• Benzyl chloride

  • • Reaction of benzyl alcohol with hydrochloric acid

• Biodiesel

  • • Transesterification of castor oil with methanol and catalytic potassium hydroxide, then washing with water and drying

• 2-Butanone azine

  • • Hofmann rearrangement of urea with sodium hypochlorite, followed by addition of 2-butanone

• Chloroform

  • • Haloform reaction between bleach and acetone, followed by layer separation and distillation over sulfuric acid

• 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol

  • • SnAR reaction between 2,5-dichlorobenzene and sodium hydroxide in water

• 2,5-dichloroaniline

  • • Bechamp reduction of 2,5-dichloronitrobenzene with steel wool, followed by basification and steam-distillation

• 2,5-dichloronitrobenzene

  • • Nitration of p-dichlorobenzene with sulfuric acid and potassium nitrate, followed by recrystallization

• 1,4-Dioxane

  • • Distillative etherification of ethylene glycol with sulfuric acid, followed by purification with base

• Ethanol

  • • Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of ethyl acetate, followed by distillation

    • Fermentation of sucrose using baking yeast, followed by repeated fractional distillation and activated carbon filtration

• Ethyl bromide

  • • Reaction of sulfuric acid, sodium bromide, and ethanol, followed by distillation

• Glacial acetic acid

  • • Distilled from anhydrous sodium acetate and sulfuric acid

• Isopropyl nitrite

  • • Acid-catalyzed esterification of 91% isopropanol and in-situ nitrous acid, followed by layer separation and distillation

• Methyl benzoate

  • • Fischer esterification of benzoic acid in methanol with sulfuric acid

• Methyl salicylate

  • • Fischer esterification of salicylic acid in methanol with sulfuric acid

• Phenol

  • • Dry distillation of salicylic acid

• Salicylic acid

  • • Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid, followed by recrystallization

    • Base-catalyzed hydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid, followed by acid workup and recrystallization

• Trimethyl borate/methanol azeotrope

  • • Fischer esterification of boron trioxide in methanol with sulfuric acid, followed by distillation

Inorganic

• Ammonia solution

  • • Reaction between sodium hydroxide and urea, followed by heating and bubbling the ammonia gas into water

• Calcium

  • • Calcium carbonate

      • • Addition of sodium carbonate to calcium chloride, followed by filtration

    • Calcium cyanamide

      • • Calcination of calcium cyanate in a metal container via a wood fire

    • Calcium cyanate

      • • Addition of calcium chloride solution to a sodium cyanate solution, followed by filtration, washing, and drying

• Chromium

  • • Chromium (iii) hydroxide

      • • Addition of sodium hydroxide to a chromium (iii) chloride solution, followed by sun-drying

• Copper

  • • Tetrachlorocupric acid solution

      • • Addition of copper metal to hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide

    • Basic copper (ii) carbonate

      • • Neutralization of a tetrachlorocupric acid solution with sodium bicarbonate

    • Copper (ii) chloride dihydrate

      • • Neutralization of basic copper (ii) carbonate with hydrochloric acid, followed by drying via heat

    • Copper powder

      • • Addition of aluminum to a tetrachlorocupric acid solution

    • Tetraamminecopper(ii) sulfate

      • • Complexation of copper (ii) sulfate solution with 10% ammonia, followed precipitation using 91% isopropyl alcohol

    • Copper (ii) oxide

      • • Thermal decomposition of basic copper (ii) carbonate

    • Copper (ii) acetate

      • • Neutralization of acetic acid with basic copper (ii) carbonate, followed by evaporation

    • Copper (ii) acetylsalicylate

      • • Reaction of copper (ii) sulfate with a sodium acetylsalicylate solution

    • Copper (i, ii) sulfite

      • • Addition of sodium metabisulfite to a copper (ii) sulfate solution, followed by heating

    • Tetraamminecopper(ii) nitrate

      • • Reaction between copper metal and waste nitric acid, followed by complexation with 20% ammonia and precipitation using 95% ethanol

• Hydrazinium sulfate

  • • Hofmann degradation of urea with sodium hypochlorite, followed by neutralization with sulfuric acid and recrystallization

    • Hofmann degradation of urea with sodium hypochlorite, followed by reaction with MEK, separation, reaction with sulfuric acid solution, and filtration

• Hydrobromic acid

  • • Addition of sulfuric acid to sodium bromide and water, followed by distillation

• Iodine

  • • Addition of peroxide to a potassium iodide solution, followed by filtration and drying

• Iron

  • • Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate

      • • Reaction of steel wool with sulfuric acid, followed by filtration and evaporation of solvent

    • Ferrous chloride

      • • Reaction of steel wool with hydrochloric acid, followed by filtration and drying via heat

    • Ferric oxide

      • • Neutralization of a ferrous chloride solution with sodium bicarbonate, followed by oxidation with sodium hypochlorite

        • Electrolysis of a sodium hydroxide solution using a steel anode

    • Ferric ammonium citrate

      • • Reaction of iron (iii) hydroxide, citric acid, and ammonia solution, followed by evaporation

• Lead

  • • Lead (ii) chloride

      • • Reaction of metallic lead with dilute nitric acid, followed by addition of sodium chloride

    • Lead (ii) nitrate

      • • Reaction of metallic lead with dilute nitric acid, followed by evaporation of solvent

    • Ammonium hexachloroplumbate

      • • Oxidation of lead (ii) chloride suspension in 31% hydrochloric acid with chlorine, followed by addition of ammonium chloride solution

• Mercury

  • • Mercuric nitrate solution

      • • Reaction of metallic mercury with dilute nitric acid

    • Mercuric oxide

      • • Neutralization of a mercuric nitrate solution with sodium hydroxide

    • Mercuric chloride

      • • Neutralization of mercuric oxide with dilute hydrochloric acid, followed by evaporation of solvent

    • Mercuric sulfide

      • • Addition of a sodium polysulfide solution to a solution containing waste mercuric salts

• Nickel

  • • Basic nickel (ii) carbonate

      • • Neutralization of a nickel (ii) chloride solution with sodium bicarbonate

    • Nickel (ii) chloride dihydrate

      • • Neutralization of basic nickel (ii) carbonate with hydrochloric acid, followed by drying via heat

    • Hexaamminenickel(ii) chloride

      • • Complexation of nickel (ii) chloride with 10% ammonia,  followed precipitation using 91% isopropyl alcohol

• Nitric acid

  • • Azeotropic nitric acid

      • • Distilled from water, sulfuric acid, and potassium nitrate, followed by a fractional distillation

    • Red fuming nitric acid

      • • Distilled from sulfuric acid and potassium nitrate

• Potassium

  • • Potassium chlorate

      • • Electrolysis of a potassium chloride solution with graphite electrodes, followed by filtration and recrystallization

        • Disproportionation of bleach by boiling down, then adding potassium chloride and cooling.

    • Potassium acetate

      • • Neutralization of vinegar with potassium hydroxide, then boiling down to dryness

• Silver

  • • Silver nitrate solution

      • • Reaction of silver metal with dilute nitric acid

• Sodium

  • • Sodium polysulfide solution

      • • Addition of sulfur to a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, followed by heating until homogenous

    • Anhydrous sodium acetate

      • • Reaction between vinegar and sodium bicarbonate, followed by evaporation and complete drying in a toaster oven

    • Sodium salicylate

      • • Reaction between salicylic acid and sodium bicarbonate, followed by evaporation, extraction with isopropanol, and drying in a toaster oven

• Tin

  • • Tin metal

      • • Electrolytic separation of tin from pewter

    • Stannous chloride solution

      • • Reaction of mossy tin with dilute hydrochloric acid and heat 

Purification/Extraction

• Acetaminophen

  • • Extracted acetaminophen from commercial pills using 91% isopropyl alcohol, followed by distillation of solvent and double recrystallization

• Ammonium sulfate

  • • Purification of fertilizer-grade ammonium sulfate by recrystallization from water and evaporation of solvent

• Aspirin

  • • Extracted aspirin from commercial pills using acetone, followed by distillation of solvent

• Caffeine

  • • Extraction from commercial pills with water, followed by crystallization, drying, and sublimation

    • Extraction from commercial pills with chloroform, followed by recrystallization, drying, and sublimation

• Copper (ii) sulfate

  • • Purification of commercial copper (ii) sulfate by recrystallization from water and evaporation of solvent

• Diethyl ether

  • • Fractionally distilled from engine starting fluid

• Ethylene glycol

  • • Distilled from concentrated antifreeze

• Heptane

  • • Fractionally distilled from engine starting fluid

• Light naphtha alkanes

  • • Distilled from gasoline, followed by purification to remove ethanol and alkenes

• Lysine hydrochloride

  • • Extraction from commercial pills with water, followed by evaporation and crystallization

• Potassium nitrate

  • • Purification of commercial potassium nitrate by repeated crystallization from water and evaporation of solvent

• Tetrachloroethylene

  • • Extracted water-soluble impurities from fabric cleaner with water, then distilled the organic layer

    • Distillation of chlorinated brake-cleaner

• Toluene

  • • Removal of methylthiophenes from toluene using sulfuric acid, followed by phase-separation and distillation

• Sulfur

  • • Purification of commercial sulfur by dissolving in hot toluene, filtering, and crystallizing